A blue moon is an additional full moon that appears in a subdivision of a year: either a second full moon in a month of the common calendar or the third of four full moons in a season.
The phrase has nothing to do with the actual color of the moon, although a literal "blue moon" (the moon appearing with a tinge of blue) may occur in certain atmospheric conditions: e.g., if volcanic eruptions or fires leave particles in the atmosphere of just the right size to preferentially scatter red light.
On January 31, the moon will be full for the second time in a month, a rare occasion—it happens once every two and a half years.
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